Phonics Primer for Year Five Remedial Class in Primary School Essay Example for Free

Phonics Primer for Year Five Remedial Class in Primary School Essay 1.1 Description of the Area of Research Title of the Study: Phonics Primer for Year Five Remedial Class in Primary School. Phonics is letter-sound correspondences. The units of sound can be syllables, onsets rimes, or phonemes (EdResearch.info). Phonics Primer is a way of learning the sounds of the alphabet in order to decode the English language. It is recognized by a quick pace of teaching letter and the sound or grapheme and phoneme matches and immediately getting students to use this knowledge to read and spell regular words. Words are read by using the phonological skill of blending the sounds together synthesis (hence the term synthetic phonics). Words are spelled by using the phonological skill of hearing the sounds in words (segmentation) by means of which words are segmented into their constituent phonemes (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia) Research Questions 1. What is the strategy in teaching synthetic phonics? 2. Can the method be successfully taught in shorter periods? 3. Can the 44 sounds of Phonics Primer help in teaching non-English speakers who have other sounds that is found in English? 4. Can Phonics Primer be used to teach cohorts in higher levels with reading difficulties? Research Variables The instruments that I will use in my research will be: 1. Questionnaires 2. Interviews 3. Classroom Observation Checklist 4. Tests 5. Document Reviews Gay and Airasian (20030 defined population as â€Å"The population is the group of interest to the researcher, the group to which the results of the study will ideally generalized†. The respondents of the research will be for remedial students from the outskirt of Sarikei in Sarawak. The majority of the students will be of the Iban race. The research will be conducted on two groups of selected students. One group will be used for study, called the experimental group. Another group would be the controlled group and they will be taught with the conventional teaching procedure during English lessons. Both groups will be cohorts who will need assistant in reading. About six students will be involved in this study. They will be remedial students from the cohort of year five students who are in the remedial class. The respected students and school will be chosen simply to fulfill the requirements of the research that will use the Primers phonics approach to teach reading for remedia l students. 1.2 Theoretical Framework Often we find that in schools, there are always students who are very poor in reading English. It is even worst when the students cannot read in a language that is very similar to theirs. This means that the students are having problems in basic reading. We can say that these students are too slow in picking up during their reading lessons in English. In classes where we have been teaching, oftentimes we see that students cannot recognize words and even there are some who cannot read. The students in rural Sarikei, in Sarawak, specifically are mostly Ibans. They are non-English speakers. They only encounter the language when they come to school. English therefore is very unfamiliar to them. Many English sounds don’t even exist in their mother tongue. Synthetic phonics has all the 44 sounds of the English Language. It is a very systematic way to teach basic reading in English. By using the method of teaching, students can read faster and easier. The method of teaching and the instruments used in teaching it can enable the remedial students of the primary schools to remember the sounds made by the letters and enable them to read. Research instrument are devices to measure the objects of the study. Instruments come in multiple forms. For this research, the researcher will be using multiple forms like questionnaires, observation forms, interview forms and tests to get information. The questionnaires and interviews will be used to get information about experiences, suggestions and ideas related to the study. The observation forms will be used to make observations during the study. From observation forms, the researcher will be able to see weaknesses and strengths during the teaching of Phonics Primer and also the current teaching method used by the school to make comparisons. The tests which will be given before and after teaching Phonics Primer will help the researcher to find out if the case study that they are doing is suitable and good for teaching remedial students. Questionnaires Questionnaires are familiar to most people (Berdie, Anderson, and Niebuhr, 1986).It is a written or printed form used in gathering information on some subject or subjects, consisting of a set of questions to be submitted to one or more persons (Your Dictionary.Com) It is a communication method of designing questionnaires to collect the requisite information. It is a list of questions framed to get facts. A questionnaire is defined as a group of printed questions used to elicit information from subjects by means of self report. Questionnaires will be distributed to both experimental and controlled group. Teacher Questionnaires. A teacher questionnaire is designed to gather information administered to English teachers in school. The questionnaire will be done two times, that is before the start of the Phonics Programme. A second questionnaire will follow at the end of the programme. This is to find out the status of remedial reading before and after the programme. If there are any differences before and after the programme, it will be noted down for analysis in the research later. Students’ Questionnaires Students’ questionnaire will also be done. It will be done with students who are involved with the study. They are the experimental group of students and also the controlled group of students for comparison later. Questionnaires can help the researcher discover the experiences, knowledge and backgrounds of the students and the school which is related to the case study that is going to be done. These information will help the researcher to know more and understand more about the stand of the students involved in the study. The questionnaire is also important in helping the researcher to make conclusion and give suggestions for future study of similar case. Interview The interview is a dialogue between the teachers with the researcher. The most commonly accepted objective of the interview is to determine whether there is a match between the candidates education, experience, interest and goals and the goals of the researcher related to the study for which the researcher is interviewing. In this study, the researcher conducts the interview with the remedial students’ teacher. This interview is designed to elicit data using a set of predetermined questions that are expected to elicit the subjects thoughts, opinions and attitudes regarding the teaching of reading to remedial students. Group Interviews with Teachers. To identify the major issues surrounding the planning and implementation of reading instruction in schools of a rural school, group interviews will be conducted with English remedial teachers. An interview will be used to facilitate discussion. Responses to the uniform standard questions will contribute to the final analysis of the study findings. Individual Interviews with Teachers. To investigate all of the major research questions. presented earlier, interviews will be conducted with English remedial teachers in the selected schools. An interview will be used to facilitate information gathering. Responses to the questions will contribute to the final analysis of the study findings. Observation Instruments Observation is a technique of gathering data through direct contact with the subjects. In this study, the researcher will observe two classes. The researcher will observe ongoing class using Primer Phonics and the normal teaching of remedial students in the school. Observation instrument is necessary to detect any strength and weaknesses for both types of methodology in teaching remedial students. The detections will be noted down in the researcher’s note book for making analysis, conclusion and suggestions for future researches. Classroom Observation Classroom observation will be done to make sure that Primer Phonics is taught accordingly. A checklist will be used. Classroom observations will also be done for the normal teaching of remedial students in the same school. The need for making observation for the normal method of teaching is to enable comparison among the two types of methodology later. Additional data collection and review will occur during the observations. Researchers summarized notes after each observation. Test The researcher will conduct two types of tests, the Pre test and the Post test, for two groups of students from the remedial class only. The students will be divided into the experimental and controlled group. A Pre test will be used to see the students’ ability to read before teaching using the Primers Phonic Method. The Post test will be used to see the achievements made after teaching using the Primers’ Phonic Method. Both the experimental and the controlled groups will take the tests so the researcher can compare if there will be any differences in the achievements after teaching using the Primers’ Phonic Method for the experimental group. The Controlled group will be taught by their own remedial teachers using the usual syllabus in the school. In the tests, subjects are to read a short text of about 150 words. These tests aims to see how good the students can or cannot read before and after teaching using the Primers’ Phonic Method. To assess the students reading, 5 criteria will be ticked accordingly. Students who gets two out of five ‘Yes’ are considered to have pass the Pre Test or the Post test Document Review Document review will inform the research process to varying degrees. Among the documents analyzed were student work samples, report cards, forms, letters to parents, lesson plans, lists of reading books, and other relevant documents pertinent to current reading instruction. The Theoretical Framework Diagram 1: The Diagram depicts the theoretical framework. 1.3 Review of Related Literature The literature reviews forwarded here will help us to understand more about the case study that will be done. A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge and or methodological approaches on a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as theses, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as future research that may be needed in the area. A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style, proper use of terminology and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic I would like to make a review of related literature which is in my area of research, Instruction, Development, and Achievement of Struggling Primary Grade Readers by Elizabeth Campbell Rightmyer, Ellen McIntyre, and Joseph M Petrosko. Reading Research and Instruction. Coral Gables: Spring 2006. Their study examined the phonics and reading achievement of 117 primary grade students in 14 schools and 42 classrooms. Students received instruction in one of six different reading programs or models based upon the school they attended. Through qualitative data collection and analysis of specific instructional practices, they determined that no model or program proved more effective for the learning of phonics in the first grade after one year of instruction. Purpose The purpose of their study was to examine the phonics and reading achievement of primary grade students receiving instruction in six different instructional programs or models (referred to as models in reference to their study). Then, through a qualitative analysis of the specific instructional practices within these models and their understanding of young childrens literacy development, they explain the relative differences in achievement gains of these primary grade struggling readers. Method They examined the instructional practices and achievement of low performing students in first through third grade classrooms in which teachers used one of the following reading models: Breakthrough to Literacy (www.btl.com); Early Success (Cooper, et al., 1997); Early Intervention (Taylor, Medo, Strait, 1995); Four Blocks (Cunningham, Hall, DeFee, 1991); SRA Reading Mastery (Engelmann Bruner, 1997); or Together We Can, a locally developed model based on small group guided reading and explicit teaching of reading strategies and skills. Participants The study included 117 struggling primary-grade readers in 14 schools and 42 classrooms. Schools that had recently received a state grant to implement one of the reading models were invited to participate. They then contacted the principals, asking them to recommend teachers who were particularly successful at implementing the instructional model for at least one year; they believed that principals would avoid selecting teachers who were struggling with the model, classroom management, student diversity, or any of the myriad complexities that teachers face daily. Independently, they checked the teachers credentials by using a state-developed data base and found that the majority of them held advanced rank in the profession; 73% had earned at least 30 credit hours beyond the bachelors degree. They also found that 84% of the teachers had taught in their current state of employment for more than five years. The principals distributed consent forms to interested teachers, and when they were returned, the researchers explained to each teacher that the children they wanted to study were those struggling with reading or learning to read. They had no control of the models that were proposed or the schools that were selected to receive the grants. Like many states under accountability mandates, their state is becoming heavily invested in direct instruction models of reading and mathematics, and this predilection was seen in the numbers of students who received scripted early intervention in reading. They asked that by October 1 of the first year of the study, the teachers identify the lowest achieving 20% in their classes. Again, they did not control for socioeconomic status, gender, or ethnicity of the identified children or in any way second-guess the teachers selection. Consenting students became the targeted group of children the researchers tested on the phonics application and reading tasks. There were two to five children in each of the classrooms, although due to attrition and a few flawed tests, this number was reduced in some classrooms. Researchers studied one group of children from the beginning of first grade through the end of second grade, documenting growth in phonics for one year. These children are hereafter referred to as first graders, even though they followed them through the end of second grade. The children in this group were all served by a single reading model one of the five models that appear in Appendix A across two years; however, most of the children had different teachers implementing the model the second year (in second grade). The study followed a second group from the beginning of second grade through the end of third grade, also documenting growth after two years. These children are hereafter referred to as second graders, even though they followed them through the end of third grade. Like the first graders, the children in this group were served by the same reading model across two years; however, most of the children had different teachers implementing the model the second year (in third grade). Table 1 lists the participants by model. Procedures for Data Collection and Analysis of Student Achievement Instruments The researcher pre- and post-tested first grade children on clays Hearing Sounds in Words Test (1993), a phonics application task that included encoding a sentence. This measure was conducted only with first graders, as this was the norming sample. It will hereafter be referred to as the phonics measure or phonics achievement. On the clay test, the examiner reads two sentences to the child, The bus is coming fast. It will stop here to let me get on. Then the sentences are read again, word by word, and children encode the sentence as the researcher dictates. The children are encouraged to do the best they can with the spelling and use the sounds of words to write as much as you can. The children score a point for each letter or group of letters they write that correctly correspond to the sounds in the words. Children can score from O to 37 on this test. The researchers selected this test because they believed it to be a more authentic assessment of phonics understanding and use than phonological tests on which children call out letter sounds they see or sound out semantically disconnected word lists. Data collection Researchers were trained using each of the testing instruments given. The training involved an explanation and demonstration of the testing procedures and observation of videotapes of the project director testing various children. The researchers scored those children, discussed results, and adjusted their expectations through more explanation and demonstration by the director. Children were pre-tested during the months of September and post-tested during the month of May during each of the two years of the study. Children were tested in one-on-one situations in quiet places, arranged by the classroom teacher or grant administrator for periods of no more than 30 minutes at a time. While the pre-testing took approximately 30 minutes per child, the post-testing took 60-90 minutes per child for most children, thus each child was met two or three times. The researchers attempted to make the children comfortable and rewarded them afterwards with stickers. All reading passages were tape-recorded. Quantitative analysis of achievement data For ease in comparing achievement, the researchers used the benchmarks provided by each of the tests. Clays Hearing Sounds in Words phonics test has a range of 1-37, with intervals of 1. Two trained researchers individually scored every Clay test, and these scores were compared against one another for accuracy. Where there was discrepancy in scoring, a third researcher also reviewed the data, and the group negotiated the final score. Scores were entered into a data base, and two team members reviewed each of them for accuracy in data entry. In this study, test score data were statistically analyzed in two ways. First, pretest scores were subtracted from posttest scores. The resulting gain scores were used as dependent variables in a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with the reading models as the independent variables. Test 1 was a comparison of phonics achievement of students in the different reading models (one-year gain). For each test, students achievement in only five models was compared. Importantly, due to the unequal number of students in each of the comparison groups, and the small numbers of participants in some of the models, the interpretations about the findings of these tests are made with caution and based on trends in the data. Data Collection and Analysis of Instructional Practices The researchers collected data on the instructional models in three ways: a) by observing the teachers and taking field notes, b) by interviewing the teachers about their practices, and c) by completing an observation instrument after leaving the site (which required reflection and quantification of what was observed). For this analysis, they specifically gathered data on: 1) the focus of instruction, 2) the primary literacy activities conducted, and 3) the length of time children spent reading connected text. Other salient characteristics of the models, such as whether the model was considered an intervention for struggling readers or a whole class model, are also described. Observations and interviews Schools were contacted and arrangements were made to observe the teachers who had been previously identified as fully implementing the instructional model adopted through the state program. The researchers visited each teacher four times and observed between 90-180 minutes during each visit, depending on how long literacy instruction was conducted in that classroom. Researchers sat in the room and recorded what the teacher said and did in the form of field notes. One important feature in our field notes was the regular marking of time. In an effort to understand how teachers distributed their instructional time for various activities, they recorded the time in the margins of their field notes approximately every five minutes. After each visit, the researchers interviewed the classroom teacher the same day the observations were made. Among the questions they asked were about how typical the observed instruction was and how the children were selected for testing to ensure that they ind eed were studying the bottom 20%. Observation instrument After exiting the field site, the researcher used the field notes and interview to complete an observation instrument that summarized and quantified instructional patterns. A small section of instrument was used to help determine the teachers focus of instruction. The instrument, the field notes, and the interview made a data set for analysis. Analysis of instruction In the first phase of analysis, researchers gathered to examine the data sets. Using a form created by the project director, the researchers summarized what happened during each of the visits. From these summaries of the field notes and interviews, the project director created a set of codes that reflected much of the data, a content analysis of sorts (Miles Huberman, 1994). Then, the research team partitioned the field notes into activity settings (Tharp Gallimore, 1988) in order to create smaller, bounded units of analysis. This meant that whenever there was a change in activity (the people, place, or product of instruction), the ensuing activity was considered a unit of analysis and coded separately. The Researcher did not consider as change in setting instances in which children had to leave a group early or if a lesson was interrupted. Thus, the lessons were coded holistically by setting. Settings lasted from five to 45 minutes. For example, one setting for analysis might be a 10-minute whole class lesson on which the teacher guided the children to correct a message she had written without punctuation. When the same teacher signaled to the children it was time to work in learning centers, a new unit of analysis was begun. Sometimes there were multiple simultaneous activity settings, and the researcher usually made the decision to follow the teacher. For each activity setting, they coded the teachers primary activity, followed by what researchers interpreted, from both observations and interviews, was the teachers focus for the activity-either to help students develop phonologically (ACTIV-phon), or to help students learn something else (ACTIV-other). The primary instructional activities observed in each class were listed on the summary sheet. Finally, to determine the time children spent reading connected text, they used an earlier analysis of these data (Authors, 2005). They first defined connected text as texts of meaningful sentences or longer; that is, more than one connected sentence; although, in this study, connected text was usually an entire story. Then, they clarified activities that comprised examples of opportunities to read connected text. The following practices were categorized as such: choral reading; echo reading (even though technically the teacher was doing half of the reading); guided silent reading; guided oral reading; and established periods for independent reading. Activities not included as opportunities for reading connected text included read aloud story time, times when the teacher was directly teaching something, times when students completed worksheets that included only words or unrelated sentences, drill of individual words, or time on non-print responses to literature. Then, the researchers highlighted in field notes when students were provided opportunities to read connected text. They calculated the percentage of time in such activity against the total time designated for language arts instruction. They examined all four observations of each teacher together as a unit because they knew they were going to categorize them. Using group consensus, they defined classrooms as having much opportunity to read connected text during all four observations, a moderate amount of time, or little time. After each data set was analyzed and each teacher categorized, they compared instructional foci and practices across models. They listed all the teachers in a given model together, and looked across these data sets for patterns.

Risk Management and Work Breakdown Structure

Risk Management and Work Breakdown Structure 1 Introduction This report is to examine the theory of project management and practice of project management techniques which consist of Work Breakdown Structure, Gantt Chart ,risk management and SWOT and PESTLE analysis. Also, the report will show the personal learning experience from the module. Finally, the journal will be comment for project management analysis. 2.1 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Work Breakdown Structure is a fundamental project planning technique which is used in the beginning of the project. Also, it was designed to use the systematic methods to break down the whole project into deliverable units. Therefore, it is an effective technique to organize the project for each element. By using work breakdown structure, it is possible to understand the tasks and activities in the project easily which makes the structure more comprehensible. Also, the tasks are able to be conducted by different people or groups individually which improve the efficiency and easier to allocate the responsibilities (Maylor, 2005). Nowadays, Work Breakdown Structure has been admitted to the common and essential tool for project manager who need to manage and monitor the every process in the project. The process is to divide the entire project into several main stages which included many rudimentary tasks in sequence. Every task can be an independent activity (Maylor, 2005). In the work breakdown structure planning process, it needs to be noted that WBS should not be split extremely detailed which will make the structure complex. However, it has been claimed that even Work Breakdown Structure is a practical tool to utilize the project, there are still some problems. The main problem is that the task in different stages is independent to be executed but they are still in the same project (Maylor, 2005). WBS does not show the relationships of tasks between different stages. Therefore, divergence will happen in the different part of project. Moreover, the WBS does not show the time that each task execution needs (Young, 2006). Thus, project managers need to monitor the conflicts and solve the problems during the project execution. Moreover, project managers should use other tools to control the task process time. In the product case study, WBS plays a major role to help group mates easy to break the project into two main parts. One is about Design development and another part is to focus on manufacture and launch plan. Each part has many stages which consist of several tasks. After, it is easy to identify the scope of tasks and make the content of tasks clearer. In order to avoid the conflicts happening, the tasks have been considered to find the sequences in the same states. Each task shows a key step in the project that keeps the WBS structure clear not being complicated. WBS of this project was created by every group mates. Therefore, it was clear to understand the basic elemental and tasks in this project. 2.2 Gantt Chart: Gantt chart is a useful technique which was designed by Henry Gantt. It can be used to represent the time costing of activities in the project (Maylor, 2005). There are two main parts in the Gantt chart. Vertical part is to list the different activities in the project. Horizontal line is to show the time scale from start to end. It can clear identify the time need and time limit. By using different colour, it is easier to make viewer how to understand the time cost of tasks and the time sequence between other activities in the project. (Lock, 2007) Moreover, it is effective tool to overview the duration of each tasks or whole project. Therefore, Gantt is widely used in the project manager to manage the time need. Manager can evaluate the real activities to extend or reduce the time by Gantt chart. However, there are some limitations of Gantt chart. Firstly, Gantt chart is suitable to use on the a small amount of activities of project. If there are numerous tasks in the project, the G antt chart will be complex. Secondly, it is inflexible to revise the time and make change during the project. Due to It will influence the other sequent tasks (Maylor, 2005). Finally, even Garnt chart can provide the time sequence of tasks, it still lack of showing the relationship of interdependence between each task (Lock, 2007). Therefore, Gantt chart is to show the time cost of tasks but does not improve the resource arrangement (Maylor, 2005). In the case study, Gantt chart was used to arrange to time management to ensure the project that can be finished in the limited time. It is easy to draw by computer or hand and clearly identifies the order of task executions. The time cost will be influential fact in the case and Gantt chart help the project manager or group member to effectively plan or monitor project (Thomsett, 2009). It also make executors clearly understand the timeline to finish the tasks on time. 2.3 Risk Management Project risk management is an essential part of project management that ensure the result and the profitability that are correctly produced by processes. There are variety of uncertain fact and risks in the project (Young, 2006). The aim of risk management is to reduce the risk to treat the project and minimize the influence. Moreover, most risks are not unexpected and uncontrolled. In other words, the risk can be indentify and quantify to be controlled. There are many risk identification methods such as key risk symptoms, External source, TCQ analysis and assumption. By using quantification techniques, the risks can be measure and demonstrate by likelihood, effect, hide-ability (Maylor, 2005). Thus, it can be estimated or avoid. By Adjustment to alter the possible result is another scheme. In addition, insurance is a feasible method in the modern society. Therefore, risk management processes include the identification of the risk, quantifying the risk, prioritising the risk, develop ing the strategy and taking the action. Most of risks which include positive risk and negative risk can be shown and controlled after these analyses (Harries, 2010). Even though process through these steps, the project managers still need to concern about any other influential facts happening and ensure the project as expectation. In case study, the risk management was considered to the one of main assignment conducting from beginning to the end. In the barnstorming meeting, the possible risks were list by group member from high risk to low risk and measure the probabilities of occurrence by scale. To quantify the risks make it easy to tell what is most risky or what most possible fact to impact the project is. Thus, pre-preparing the strategy and solution for each risk to minimize the impact to our project are crucial for the result. 2.4 SWOT and PESTLE Swot is a strategy analysis tool to identify the internal and external facts to the project and organization. It is widely used in the strategy planning work (Haughey 2010).There are four main parts in the SWOT model which includes Strengths, Weakness, Opportunity and weakness. The internal part of SWOT model consists of Strength and Weakness. Project Manager and members can evaluate the current strength and weakness of organization to the project. To list the realistic fact and group ability to appraise the condition are the necessary for planning project strategy. External analysis is made by opportunity and weakness (Bianes P. et al, 2008). External issues will be the influential facts to influence project strategy. It needs to consider that the competitors activities and society issues relate with project development. However, external environment has variety of issue which is completed. Therefore, in order to clarify the environment, PESTLE analysis is effective model to investi gate it. PRESTLE consist of Political, Economic Social-culture, Technology, Legal and Ecological. However, it has been admitted that SWOT framework has been popular in the business and some of disadvantage that has been claimed and need to be overcome (Haughey, 2010). Firstly, there is no any process to re-thinking whether the output strategies are practical or not. Secondly, there is no priority in the framework. It is hard to tell the importance of each strategy. However, SWOT framework has little problems that need to consider and improve. It is still an useful model for strategy analyze. Therefore, using SWOT and PESTLE to determine the situation can explain the current situation clearly but project managers need to pay more attention to make the decision cautiously. To use SWOT and PESTLE in the case study, it is clear to distinguish the internal and external conditions to the organization. Use PESTLE in the case study, it is easy to collect the environment issues which are relative with product and future trend. By analyze the facts, the strategy can be considered to unsure the strategies that there is no conflict to the environment. SWOT model is an efficient methods to plan the strategy. Using strength to analyze with external fact and output the strategy to overcome treats. Also, it can use external facts to supply internal weakness. Therefore, project manager can understand the organization and circumspectly plan the efficient strategy to achieve the aim of project. 3. Project management skill and contribution to the group In the project management, there are many techniques and skills to help project members to manage the case study. Every technique and skill has the particular use to develop the project. Also, each practice of framework was discussed by the team members corporately. How to use the theories is the challenge to the team. The techniques are useful to improve the project and the skills help the work productively. For example, WBS is a practical framework that was not known by the team until the session. It was effective to divide the oyster key project into several tasks. The content of tasks was created by the group mates and the information was searched from the internet and designers in the field which is about the product design that will make the tasks of oyster key project close to the real design project. It shows the skill of solving problem. How to use internal source and external source to solve the problems was learned in the project. Due to the team have no design background that is the challenge to plan the product development process. Use external source is crucial to overcome the tasks. The project process has been considered by the team to show the main stages and activities. In order to keep the WBS clear to be understood, there is no extremely detailed tasks on it and every activity o n WBS is vital in the project. After using WBS, the team understood what the main stages in this project are. Moreover, Risk management was another new knowledge for the team. It was seen the crucial part of the project that monitor the whole project from beginning to end. By assumption to list the possibility, it is relative with the analysis skill. How to find the potential risks from the project process relate to the skill of analysis and organize data. In the beginning of this project, the product of the project needed to be decided. A suitable product was hard to be found that can be agreed by every group mate. Therefore, the situation needed to use communication skill to make a common decision. The author offered the idea about personal experience of need for design product. It was from the perspective of design innovation to improve the human life. It was convinced by other two of group mates. Then, the rest of group mates show their opinion to the idea. It was the communication process to make the different opinion integrate the common decision. In addition, the author is willing to provide the personal working experience to help the group in the process. The opinion from working experience provide the project to improve the integrity of the project which include planning ability to the WBS and Gantt chart, time management, Risk assumption and strategy planning. Meanwhile, the rest of group mate showed the ability of organizer that can efficiently manage the information and document. The rest of group showed the ability of cost estimates. All of these skill make the project more complement to achieve the aim of project. 3.1. Personal Learning and applying in the future Project management is a useful model in the DMU. Honestly, it will be the one of the practical model for postgraduate study in this year. Many techniques and skill have been learnt by session. Case study help the author understand how to practice the techniques in the field. The advice of tutor is helpful to conduct the process of project. Moreover, the most important learning of this model to the author is that how to be a successful project management. Inspiring and leading the group to the common aim is the duty of the project manager. It also relate with the team-building skill. By communication and negotiation skill to produce the effective plan have been the required skills for a manager. During the module, time management is important to ensure the work can be finished on time. In addition, there would be some risks to impact the project. Besides risk management, manager personal ability to handle the pressure is also important. It will be helpful to train the ability to face pressure. Moreover, most of future works can be seen as a project to manage and operate. For instance, risk management can use to evaluate the any decision in the future that is not only in business. The problem solving skill can be the methods to deal with any problem in the life. Thus, the learning from project management will help to benefit the work in the future. 4. Brief Critique of academic journal 4.1 Journal 1 Is more information technology better for new product development? 4.1.1 The aim of research This article shows that the relationship between information technology department and new product development department. There is a growing number of companies which invest a great deal of money on information technology to improve the product quality and reduce cost. The article is to show does the information technology help the product development successfully and how the cooperation works between these two departments. (Durmusoglu et al. 2006). 4.1.2 Prior literatures Prior literatures identified that number of study which are about the internal communication to new product development departments have been examined (Durmusoglu et al. 2006). Porter and Millar (1985) as cited by Durmusoglu et al. (2006) that computer technique is the effective tool to assist the new product development such as product functions, cost reduce and produce speed. Boutellier et al. (1998) as cited by Durmusoglu et al. (2006) that project manager also expected the information technique to support the project team. Meanwhile, they can share information, creativity and personal networks to each other. 4.1.3 Research method The research method was used in this research is survey to collect data. The questionnaires were sent to the top managers of information thchnology department and new product development department of 21 companies. These companies are in the 14 industries such as farm equipment manufacturing, automobile parts and supplies manufacturing, hand tools manufacturing etc (Durmusoglu et al. 2006). This approach was effective to get the depth perspective from the magagers. 4.1.4 Finding The finding show that information technology department support the new product development that can enhance the new product flexibility but also increase the cost. Moreover, the two department managers have the common perception to share the knowledge and information to each other. Finally, even though the Information technology can enhance the product development process, it did not totally equate the increase of sales or outcome to new product (Durmusoglu et al. 2006). 4.1.5 Future use of the research This research reveal that the corporation of information technology and product development department. It also shows the influence of support by technology department. Moreover, cost increase is the main facts that need to be considered in the future. To control cost and increase flexibility will be the concerning issue in the product development process in the future . 4.2 Journal 2 The association among project managers leadership style, teamwork and project success 4.2.1 The aim of research This research is to investigate the relationship between project managers leading style and the influence of teamwork to the project outcome. There are variable of sub facts to impact the project performance like the team size, project type and industry sector(Yang Huang Wu 2010). 4.2.2 Prior literatures Turner and Muller (2005) as cited by Yang Huang Wu (2010) that he impact of project managers leadership style to project performance was ignored in the most of past study. However, there are some study which mention about project managers leading style. Kendra and Taplin (2004) as cited by Yang Huang Wu (2010) leadership behaviors will be the influential reason to the project. Moreover, DuBrin (2004) as cited by Yang Huang Wu (2010) that leadership is an achievement to conduct by communication. 4.2.3 Research method The questionnaire-based were conducted in this survey. There are four section in this survey which include project managers leadership style, teamwork, project performance, and personal information. The respondents composed of project executive, superintendents and higher level project leader Yang Huang Wu (2010). Therefore, the respondents from different work position to answer the questions which make the finding more objective. 4.2.4 Finding The finding in this research show that the leadership style might influence slightly. Also, teamwork is the most significant influence to the outcome. Moreover, different type of project show the different relationship with the group mates (Yang Huang Wu 2010). Even the feeling is hard to correctly measure, the finding still show that the teamwork is really influential in the project. 4.2.5 Future use of the research This report demonstrates that manager need to communicate with the group members and to develop the common attitude to make teamwork work effectively. 4.3 Journal 3 Cost targets and time pressure during new product development 4.3.1 The aim of research The research is to find the impact of cost target time limit to the project. Quality is the main fact to be compare with the two restricted conditions. The outcome of project was tested in this research to find the effective method to product development. 4.3.2 Prior literatures The cost-oriented product was expected by past study. Fisher (1995) as cited by Everaert Bruggeman (2002) that define the target costing is that planning the reducing cost method in the beginning execute the expectable process to cut the cost. Moreover, Kato (1993) as cited by Everaert Bruggeman (2002) show that human play a main roles in the new product development and time reduced plan in the project management has been the source of pressure to most engineer. 4.3.3 Research method The research was conducted in the laboratory to test by experiment. The experiment use the haphazard two-by-two factorial design which to compare the test result. One laboratory was given the cost charge, time limit restriction. It was designed to simulate the real customer requirement. Also, if the engineer only finished the project on time but quality was not achieve the requirement, there is no any rewards (Everaert Bruggeman 2002). By this method, it is easy to tell the impact of restriction to the project. 4.3.4 Finding The finding is that the products which were developed by cost target project did not show the poor quality and reduced. In addition, in the time limited project, engineer have to spent more time to develop the product that result the cost reduced aim were not reduce as expectation(Everaert Bruggeman 2002). 4.3.5 Future use of the research In this case, it shows that it have to be considered the impact of time limit to the cost target. If the restriction is too much, it is hard to reach the cost target aim. 4.4 Project portfolio management for product innovation 4.4.1 The aim of research The aim of research is to establish the standard of test to evaluate the suitable use of product portfolio which can be conducted for product project or service project. 4.4.2 Prior literatures Andersson (2000) as cited by Killen Hunt Kleinschmidt (2008) that most of companies have noticed to practice the portfolio management to organize the resource to create the profitable outcome. Dye and Pennypacker (1999) as cited by Killen Hunt Kleinschmidt (2008) that current product portfolio widely practice on RD management and pioneering projects. Therefore, Project portfolio has been used in the industry and need more explanation to show the scheme of effective use. 4.3.3 Research method The research is conducted by survey in Australia. There were 166 organizations in this research who receive the mail to answer the questionnaire which consist of 88 questions. Those companies use project portfolio to manage their new product develop projects (Killen Hunt Kleinschmidt 2008). This sample method is suitable to compare the practice of portfolio from different industries. 4.4.4 Finding There is no significant difference of Product portfolio use in this research. However, it has been found that even the companies has used the product portfolio, many companies do not have enough time to conduct the product portfolio completely (Killen Hunt Kleinschmidt 2008). Therefore, time limit is still a obstruction to practice product portfolio management. 4.4.5 Future use of the research Most of product portfolio methods were design by the past environment and the use process is not flexible. Therefore, it need to improve the new Product portfolio methods to be suatible to use in the current business environment. 5. Conclusion Project management not only is theory, but also useful to practice in the business world. Furthermore, most of business cases can be seen a project to manage and planning. Many techniques of project management are suitable to be used in analysis. Meanwhile, the techniques and skills are also crucial to a project manager and academic journal would be the another source for managers to acquire the knowledge. After learning the theories and practice in the case study, being a successful project manager would an expected aim to be achieved.

FLQ Crisis Essay -- essays research papers

On October 5, 1970, British trade commissioner James Cross was kidnapped in his Westmount home by members of the terrorist group Front de liberation du Quebec. The FLQ Manifesto called for non-democratic separation to be brought about by acts of terror. From 1963 to 1967, the FLQ planted 35 bombs; from 1968 to 1970 they planted over 50 bombs. By the fall of 1970 the terrorist acts of the FLQ cells had claimed 6 lives. The kidnappers' demands included the release of a number of convicted or detained FLQ members and the broadcasting of the FLQ Manifesto. The Manifesto was read on Radio-Canada. Then, on October 10th, the Quebec minister of justice guaranteed safe passage to anywhere in the world for the kidnappers in exchange for the safe release of Cross. That same day Pierre Laporte, a famed Quebec reporter, author of The True Face of Duplessis, and the minister of immigration and labour in the Quebec government, was kidnapped by a different FLQ cell on the lawn of his suburban home. Laporte's kidnapping triggered a phone call from Liberal Premier Robert Bourassa asking Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to prepare the Canadian Armed Forces for action in Quebec and to declare War Measures. Two days later, October 12, Trudeau summoned armed troops to guard potential targets in Ottawa and Montreal such as cabinet ministers, John Diefenbaker, who was on the FLQ hit list, and federal buildings. On the following day, October 13, Peter Reilly of CJOH and I were at the west door of the Centre Block of the House of Commons. Reilly was asking Trudeau some basic questions in a laconic, unemotional style about the army and tanks being in Ottawa. Suddenly we were joined by CBC reporter Tim Ralfe who asked Trudeau a very emotional question about his decision to invoke the War Measures Act. Pierre Trudeau interview An angry Trudeau replied: "There's a lot of bleeding hearts around who just don't like to see people with helmets and guns. All I can say is go on and bleed." "How far are you going to go?" Ralfe insisted."Just watch me!" said Trudeau. And Canadians across the country watched as, at 3 o'clock in the morning, Friday, October 16, Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act. The Press Gallery was packed. Trudeau was careful, cold, analytic - and brilliant. The invocation of the War Measures Act meant the suspension of traditional Canadian civil l... ...erre LaPorte, the Quebec Minister of Labour, and James Cross, The British Trade Commissioner to Canada, were kidnapped by the FLQ. Prime Minister Trudeau put into effect the War Measures Act for the first time in Canadian history during peace time. He did this without consulting parliament. However, parliament voted three days later to approve the use of the act. The civil liberties of the citizens of Canada were suspended while the act was in force. In a few cities, officials used the WMA to clean up the streets, picking up "undesirables" and throwing them into jail. More than 450 people were jailed in Quebec for suspected connections to the FLQ. Most were later released without any charges being laid. After the War Measures Act was put into effect, no other public figures in Canada were kidnapped. Eventually Pierre Laporte was murdered by his captors and Cross was released unharmed after his kidnappers were flown to exile in Cuba. But for many in Quebec, the question was raised : what might the federal government do if Quebec ever did decide to leave Canada... the use of the army in the streets and t he loss of civil liberties left a bad taste in many people's mouths.

Westward Expansion Essay -- essays research papers

WESTWARD EXPANSION The movement of people that has resulted in the settlement of America is one of the most fascinating and significant topics in the history of the United States. Nowhere else has an area of equal size been settled as a result of the initiative of small groups and individuals. Westward expansion helped stimulate the American economy. The first organized migration to California originated in Platte County, on the far western frontier of Missouri. Reports described California as "a perfect paradise, a perpetual spring." The people of Platte County formed the Western Emigration Society, which sent out information about California throughout the Mississippi Valley (Wexler,139). Several merchant and landowners were concerned about the number of prospective emigrants that they launched a campaign disparaging California. This act proved to be effective, in 1842 and 1843 relatively few emigrants followed the first migration to California. The first wagon train was led by John Bidwell, the organizer of the Western Emigration Society. Bidwell let the pioneers across the Rockies, a party of 69 adults and children who divided into two groups after crossing. One group headed north into Oregon, while the other, led by Bidwell continued west to California. By 1842, the currency system of the Republic of Texas was in such dire straits that even the government would not accept redbacks for payment of taxes. Other plans were attempted to get the republic fiscal house in order, but these plans achieved only slightly better results. However, as the economy in the United States improved and the Texas annexation movement gained momentum, currency in Texas slowly recovered some of its values before Texas was annexed in 1845(thewest@pbs.org). Slavery was a big issue, many anti-slavery leaders came out strong against adding another potential slave state to the Union. The basic concerns were - war with Mexico and the division over slavery(Remini). Clay argued against incorporating Texas into the Union when he was almost assured of the Whig Party's nomination for president. In the election Clay, who hedged on his annexation position, was narrowly defeated by James Polk, a former Tennessee senator who ran on a strong expansionist platform( Bender212). The Senate rejected the Texas annexation treaty submitted by John Tyler in 1844. Tyler resubmitted... ...overed gold on the American River at Coloma while building a lumber mill for John Sutter, in the lower Sacramento Valley. A brief report of the discovery appeared in a San Francisco newspaper in mid-March, where it went mostly unnoticed (thewest@pbs.org). By signing the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, on February 2, 1848, ending the Mexican- American War. The United States acquired an immense western territory stretching from Texas to the Pacific and north to Oregon, which included Upper California, Utah. The United States gained 1.2 million square miles, virtually doubling its territory. The human cost for the United States was 13,238 killed and 4,152 wounded. (6) The United States agreed to pay $13 million for land and assume payment of $3.25 million in claims that American had brought against Mexico (Wexler,210). The United States from the days of independence has adopted the project of extending its dominions, and since then, that line of policy has not deviated in the slightest degree. There is still considerable movement of people westward. In most respects the movement lost its typical characteristics when there could no longer be said to be a frontier line.

Success And Determination As Shown In Eyes Of The Dragon :: essays research papers

Determination in life is often viewed as an excellent quality for people to obtain and practise. The novel Eyes of the Dragon gives three prime examples of the process of determination in relation to everyday life. Determination to obtain a material object or position is often rewarded with success. Determination when used for others will often gain admiration and respect. Being determined to escape a dangerous situation may be the catalyst between life and death. Although it may be easier to stay in a comfort zone and remain apathetic, success in life depends upon the degree to which individuals are willing to take risks for self and others. Success can be measured by the rate or degree people are determined to accomplish their goals. Peter, his friends and Flagg all had different levels of perseverance which determined their ultimate success. Throughout the novel Eyes of the Dragon Flagg the magician is determined to gain control of Delain. Although he did not achieve this goal he had many methods to try and achieve this goal. Because Flagg had not taken enough precautions to ensure his success, Peter was able to rise up and make a determination to escape from his imprisonment. Through hardships Peter was able to overcome adversity and with each one gained determination to escape from his hellish stay atop the needle. Without this determination to risk death, he would have most likely died earlier than he would have had he escaped. After Peter?s daring escape, he and his friends were determined to go after and kill Flagg for his crimes against humanity so as not to let his actions continue. It was Peter's determin ation that his friends admired that ultimately decided his fate when his friends were inspired to help him escape and kill Flagg. Human determination will be the ultimate decision between success and failure throughout their entire lives. It is only by the strongest of will and determination that result in the inheritance of the treasures of human development.

Police Work and Stress Essay

Stress is part of every people’s life. No matter what profession one is practicing and whatever lifestyle an individual is accustomed to, stress is always involved. In particular, police officers embrace stress as part of their profession. The moment they decided to become a police officer, bearing with stress has become inevitable. For one, their main goal, to save people who are in danger and to protect them from harm, is stressful. In effect, they become exposed to danger themselves and face this reality as part of a police officer’s job. They are also not allowed to any kind of violation because they are the ones who impose it. When it comes to police work, stress is expected more than the regular or average jobs. It is given than this profession always put police officer’s life at risk. Stress comes from different sources and comes in various forms. There are direct and indirect factors that imply the involvement of stress in the police profession. It affects not only the life of the police officer but also the life of the people inside and outside the organization—their family, the organization, and their own life and personal identity. Occupational stress is derived from what rank a police officer holds in the organization. Police officers deal with every kind of violence and alarming assignments each day of their lives. However, since they pledged an oath to fulfill their duty to the best of their abilities, they are not thinking much about stress and focus on their service instead. There are times when police officers encounter personal troubles which have a negative implication on them. This time, it cannot be accepted as a normal part of their duty because it is already outside the profession. Dealing with family matter makes police officers lose their focus and fails to do their job properly. On the other hand, their family also experience stress because of the kind of job. Being in the said profession also requires police officers to be available at all times. The working schedule also causes them stress because of rotating shifts and unexpected call of duty. Aside from the aforementioned causes, this paper aims to delve into police-related stress, what causes it, what are the effects, and how it affects their obligations in the field of law enforcement. Defining Stress and Stressors Stress is a disorder that affects an individual’s motivation (Crane, 1996). It bring about pressure not only physically but also mentally. There are two types of stress according to Crane (1996) in his book entitled Psychology of Stress. The first stress type is known as distress. This type of stress is relentless which makes one not capable of adaptation (Crane, 1996). Distress can cause mental disorders, depression, and anxiety if not given proper resolution (Crane, 1996). Another type of stress is the eustress. This stress is accumulated through experiences that cause positive reaction. Unlike distress, this type of stress can improve the function of physical and psychological aspects of an individual through training and work (Crane, 1996). Stress occurs when one experiences pressure and demands which are not compatible to his/her ability to either physically or mentally deal with the situation (Leiter & Masslach, 1988). Conflicts, painful events, limitations, struggles, and lack of control are the common causes of stress (Leiter & Masslach, 1988). It affects the overall functioning of the individual, rendering him or her incapable of thinking and acting normally. It can also cause certain disorders including hypertension, ulcer, insomnia, anxiety attack, and many more. Stress deteriorates the individuals’ over-all health depending on how the person copes with it (Violanti, 1996). Hence, stress generally affects lives as it modifies the ability, mental functioning and behavior of individuals in fulfilling their roles, regardless of the kind of profession that they have (Violanti, 1996). Stressors pertain to the primary causes of stress. They could be an immediate superior, a family member, an event, or a profession (Shirom, 1989). Coping up with stress comes in two ways: reduction or avoidance. A person may either face the situation to put an end to the stress (reduction) or make some sort of escape to experience immediate relief (avoidance) (Shirom, 1989). Everyday, many stressors are faced by individuals that make or break them as a person. Absence of stress is impossible because everyday, new challenges and changes are experienced by everyone. The best way to deal with stress is by coping with it. Thus, it is always better to confront the situation rather than avoiding it (Shirom, 1989). Work Stress As individuals become adults and start working, they have to deal with professional accountability. Work is necessary to support every need and want in life. Most of the time spent by professionals is in their workplaces where they encounter work stress in different forms each day. Usually, stressful situations spring from pressures and demands in their job which are beyond their knowledge and capacity, or from fears and anxieties in accomplishing their tasks. Some of the professions which greatly involve stress due to the nature of job include a fireman, a doctor, and a police officer, among others (Lee & Ashforth, 1996). Stress can be positive and negative for the worker depending on the response of the individual him- or herself and the circumstances. A positive kind of stress usually makes the worker more motivated and focused in accomplishing their duties and responsibilities. On the other hand, negative stress may occur when there are unexpected events that can make them lose composure which, in effect, become detrimental to their performance (Lee & Ashforth, 1996). Police Stress Basically, police stress is the kind of stress experienced in the law enforcement community. This is brought about by direct and indirect factors that are incorporated the nature of the job and the organizational structure of the law enforcement community. As police officers are mainly responsible for protecting and serving the society and its people, they are required to be physically, emotionally, and psychologically prepared at all times because they are expected to be always available. In addition, they are expected to keep an active presence of mind and make sensible decisions especially during crucial situations such as criminal encounters and hostage takings. Because of these expectations, police officers experience stress twice of the stress endured by other professionals. The work environment of the law enforcement officers has a great impact on the employees and the employee’s level of work, including their work productivity and their general physical and emotional health (Kurke, 1995). There is a notion that a cyclic relationship persists between work and home life of police officers from which police stress develops (Kurke, 1995). Stressors in the police work not only affect the police officer but their family as well. It is likely that police stress negatively affects their relationship with others and their personal lives. For instance, most police officers experience marital problems because of the effects of the stressful events of their day which they unintentionally bring home with them. This gives rise to their involvement in various problematic domestic issues such as violence, alcoholism, substance abuse, and child neglect (Brief et. al, 1981). When police stress is rampant in the law enforcement community, it affects the performance of the police officers and at the same time, it puts everyone in the society at risk. Police stress is a social issue that should not be taken for granted because it affects these individuals who chose to pursue this highly important profession that constitutes the maintenance of peace of order of the society. Causes of Police Stress Many sources of police stress can be found inside the police organization. The job itself and the people within the law enforcement community cause police stress. The characteristic of the profession is considerably difficult to look at. Being a police officer requires dedication and commitment to put their lives at risk while they are on duty. They are also expected to comply with the given work schedule and special assignments. There are encounters which will cause trauma to police officers. Yet, they only receive poor compensation (Leiter & Maslach, 1988). There are also times when lack communication among administrators, poor supervision and inadequate training cause police officers to feel stressed. Another source of police stress comes from the officers themselves because they often doubt their capacity to perform a given task. There are also issues regarding favoritism and politics within the law enforcement community that discourages a police officer to carry out a given assignment (Leiter & Maslach, 1988). The following sections present the most common organizational stressors in the work of a police officer, along with other direct and indirect factors that cause police stress. Direct Factors Job Characteristics The profession itself causes stress to police officers. Fear and danger make police officers suffer from stress. They always need to set aside their doubts, gather their courage in every dangerous situation that they get into. Physical danger is always at hand because they should be ready to battle against unexpected criminals (Kurke, 1995). Adequacy and Control Perception of adequacy and control also causes police stress. The ability of a police officer to work on a job is based on his/her perception the skills that he/she possesses, and whether his/her skills are adequate to complete all the assigned task given to him/her, and. Hence, to meet the demands of the job, law enforcement officers should be well-driven. They should also have the necessary composure and confidence. When police officers doubt their capacity to serve, it definitely instigates stress (Axelbend & Vaile, 1979) Control is defined as the ability of police officers to govern on special assignments. This is because as police officers, they are expected to control every situation that they get into. When a police officer lacks the necessary control to carry out an assigned task because he/she is hindered or manipulated by others, it brings out stress and at the same time leaves the case unsolved (Tenerowicz, 1993) Role Ambiguity Role ambiguity also results in stress among police officers. This usually happens when they lack the necessary knowledge in fulfilling their roles and at the same time control the conditions of the work outcomes (Lee & Ashforth, 1996). When this occurs, police officers feel stressed as they are not yet prepared for the job. Role ambiguity is caused by a weak organizational structure and it hinders the police officer from performing his/her task. Most cases of role ambiguity is experienced by those who are in the administrative position because their functions are not clear to them. At the same time, they are not aware of up to what extent is their jurisdiction on their job (Shore, & Shore, 1995). This becomes a source of stress because it makes police officers doubtful of their capacity to serve. They tend to question themselves if they are able to perform well because they themselves are not aware of the position given to them. They are afraid of not being respected by their subordinates which gives them a feeling of insecurity. Work Schedule Police officers are expected to work based on a shifting schedule, rotating shifts, irregular days off, holiday work, unexpected overtime and involuntary overtime (Kurke, 1995). This kind of schedule apparently affects their work performance because they are not getting enough sleep and energy. It also causes their moods to change and develop negative feelings. In the end, police officers experience stress and end up with poor performance (Kurke, 1995). Special Assignments There are special tasks given to police officers which in turn are greatly prized (Kurke, 1995). However, certain assignments require more focus and demand greater pressure from the police officer. There are special assignments which are needed to be completed at a given time frame. As a result, police officers become stressed because they are expected to finish the said task as soon as possible. It also involves longer hours of training and longer working hours that separate them from their families. Because of depression and frustration when an assigned task is not completed accordingly, stress is developed (Kurke, 1995, p. 191). Role Conflict According to Kurk (1995), â€Å"many officers report difficulties related to the many demands inherent in law enforcement† (p. 191). Role conflict usually happens when police officers need to execute two roles with different conflicting demands or values. One example of this is when a police officer catches delinquent teens in the community only to discover that one of those caught is his/her son. This puts the police officer in a conflicting situation because he/she is faced with the demand of arresting the suspect but at the same time he/she needs to protect his/her son (Lee & Ashforth, 1996). Family of Police Officers Another cause of stress for police officers comes from their families. They always harbor feelings of fear and danger when they are out of their homes for duty. It develops stress to police officers because they are thinking of their families while they are on duty. This will make them lose focus and may end up not completing the assigned task. There are also instances when family occasions are set aside because of special assignments. This makes police officers more stressed because they develop sadness of not being able to participate in an important family occasion. When a family member gets sick, it is also hard for the police officers to concentrate on their jobs because they are preoccupied with family problems.

The Study Of Nanoscience And Nanotechnology Developments Environmental Sciences Essay

Interest in the issue of safeguarding the ecological environment has steadily increased in recent decennaries. Parallel to this involvement, some companies in assorted sectors have increased the degree and quality environmental information communicated to investors and stakeholders in developing a new sort of revelation, environmental revelation[ 1 ]. Several research workers have focused on the inducements for houses to set about voluntarily unwrap information on their environmental public presentation. Research on the issue have focused on different facets of this revelation as its impact on stock monetary values, outlooks of investors and their information demands, appraisals of concern hazard and impact on the cost of capital and the grounds for such revelation and the schemes pursued by houses. The bulk of surveies on environmental revelation are made in developed states like Canada, the United States, England and Australia, but what about the utility and relevancy of information environmental context of an emerging market? It is progressively common to hear the footings nanotechnology nanoparticles, nanostructures, etc, in mundane conversations, but for most people is still hard to conceive of these words out of context of scientific discipline or scientific discipline fiction[ 2 ]. However, the impact is undeniable and the survey of nanoscience and nanotechnology developments will hold immense impact on societal, cultural and economic life of all of us daily. Furthermore, the positive scenario presents the great benefits that will convey nanotechnology in the countries of wellness, nutrient, energy, environment, electronics and telecommunications, etc like C nanotubes can be used in golf nines for strength and elation, nanosilver is used as an antimicrobic agent in socks, and clay nanoparticles mean that beer can be packaged in plastic.[ 3 ] But nanotechnology besides brings many hazards with it ; environmental and wellness jeopardies and this should be disclosed to the populace so that they can take portion in the determination doing associating to the usage of this engineering and be able to forestall themselves from the possible jeopardies of nanotechnology and supply solutions to cut down these jeopardies. Some of the possible hazardeous belongingss of nanomaterials are that they might ‘penetrate the blood-brain barrier every bit good as the blood-lungs barrier. ‘[ 4 ]Hazards like these give us all grounds to fear about jobs like ‘asbestos 2.0 scenario, in which a considerable figure of merchandises incorporating nanomaterials might hold to be recalled from the market. There is already some grounds that certain nano tubings might hold belongingss similar to asbestos. ‘ Therefore, one can non be excessively certain for how long market participants, particularly consumers, will be ready to accep t populating under this Damocles ‘ blade of uncertainness. ‘[ 5 ]‘More specific safety concerns include most notoriously the impacts of nanosilver ‘s powerful antimicrobic consequence on ecosystems, and the possible asbestos-like effects of certain signifiers of C nanotube in the lung. ‘[ 6 ]But the problematic inquiry is that whether we are ready to accept the advantageous nanotechnology with all its disadvantages and sick effects. And are we prepared to battle the ailments of nanotechnology particularly when the degree of certainty required to take action is really high. This is so because the harmful impact of the nanomaterials has non been wholly established to everyone ‘s satisfaction. In this brief research, we try to seek whether the current Torahs plenty to cover with the jobs posed by the usage of nanomaterials or do we necessitate nano Torahs to cover with the unanticipated possible menaces. We besides discuss effects of nanotechnology and speak about the function of public engagement in nanotechnologies and how it can assist work out the conflicting visions for nanotechnology and sustainability. The purpose of this research is to measure the importance of the function of public engagement in sustainable nanotechnology development. The survey will besides accomplish the undermentioned aims Basic apprehension of nanotechnology Professionals and cons of nanotechnology Comparisons of policies and ordinances of nanotechnology of UK, US and China The importance of function of public engagement in nanotechnology Science and engineering brings both the benefits every bit good as losingss for the society and environment. The importance of this survey is that it helps measure how public engagement can assist cut down the negative impacts of scientific discipline and engineering in the society and environment.The survey will seek and reply the undermentioned research inquiries:What is nanotechnology What are its possible benefits and jeopardies? What is the importance of public engagement in the sustainable development of nanotechnology? The research is based on the aggregation of secondary informations. The information is extracted from a assortment of articles, diaries and books. Secondary research means that the information is gathered from publications, literatures, broadcast media and other non-human beginnings. The method used here for research is qualitative.Chapter 2NanotechnologyNanotechnology – a signifier of molecular technology – promises important societal benefits. The term â€Å" nanotechnology † encompasses an emerging household of heterogeneous engineerings including â€Å" nanosciences † and â€Å" nanotechnologies † enabling the use of affair at the atomic degree ‘ .[ 7 ] Nanotechnology is the new developing field of unifying scientific discipline and engineering. It is believed by its advocates that nanotechnology or ‘Nano ‘ ‘has the possible to alter the economic system and the criterions of life. ‘[ 8 ]It is seen as agencies to ‘longer, healthier life with riddance of life threatening diseases. ‘[ 9 ]‘Nanoscience is the survey of the cardinal rules of molecules and constructions with at least one dimension approximately between 1 and 100 nanometres ( one-billionth of a metre, or 10-9 ) , otherwise known as the ‘nanoscale. ‘[ 10 ]Called nanostructures, these are the smallest solid things possible to do. ‘[ 11 ] Nanotechnology is the ability to step, see, manipulate and industry things normally between 1 and 100 nanometres. A nanometre is one billionth of a metre ; a human hair is approximately 100,000 nanometres broad. In 2007, the planetary market for goods integrating nanotechnology was 147 billion. Lux Research undertakings that figure will increase to $ 3.1 billion by 2015[ 12 ]. Nanoscience can be described as those who study constructions or objects with at least one dimension in the nanometer graduated table. The analysis of these constructions includes the word picture of their belongingss ( whether mechanical, electronic, optical, magnetic, etc. ) ; the survey of interaction may hold with other nanostructures, with electromagnetic moving ridges, etc. , and the description of phenomena that occur at this degree[ 13 ]. On the other manus, nanotechnology corresponds to the proficient capacity to modify and pull strings affair to develop functional constructions and devices with dimensions below 100 nanometers, for possible technological applications. For illustration, a construction typical of the devices produced by the microelectronics industry current would be 100s of times larger than a nanostructure with dimensions below a few 10s of nanometres[ 14 ]. There is certain grade of singularity in these nano atoms and the scientists use this singularity to develop merchandises. Even though the nanotechnology is still on its research stage there are many articles/applications utilizing this engineering available in the market, such as miniaturized nanoscale detectors, and devices for screening DNA molecules, pigments, glare-reducing coating for spectacless and cars, organic visible radiation breathing rectifying tubes used in laptop computing machines, cell phones, and digital cameras, featuring goods, cosmetics, stain-resistant vesture, and cosmetics, sunblocks. From the environment position point this engineering is both advantageous and disputing. The benefits include ‘remediation, monitoring, and green production. For illustration, field trials indicate that Fe nanoparticles can be used to clean up dirt by neutralizing contaminations such as polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, and dioxin. Possibly the greatest promise that nanotechnologies hold for the environment, nevertheless, may be the mode in which they could basically alter the manner goods are manufactured. Traditional fabrication requires big sums of natural stuffs bring forthing waste and risky by merchandises in the procedure. Nanotechnology allows for edifice from the underside up utilizing merely those molecules that are needed for the merchandise, thereby extinguishing waste at the beginning. ‘[ 15 ] Sadly plenty even though nanotechnology is positively touching are modern lives in legion ways really small is known about the jeopardies of this engineering. The jeopardies are chiefly related to the usage, industry and the disposal of merchandises prepared from nanotechnology. The informations associated with these hazards is really minimum and is n't easy available for the populace. Many feel that the ‘sheer assortment of the applications, belongingss expressed, paths of exposure and agencies of disposal make it peculiarly disputing to place, estimation, and pull off any hazards posed by nanotechnologies. Knowledge of the chemical belongingss of a substance when in majority may non assist foretell how that substance will act at the nanoscale. For illustration, aluminium is inert when it takes the signifier of a sodium carbonate can, but is extremely explosive in nanoform. ‘[ 16 ] The exceeding features of nanomaterials, jointly with the wellness and environmental jeopardies, ‘create what the Twenty Seventh Report of the UK ‘s Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution ( RCEP ) refers to as a ‘control quandary ‘ to which there are no simple and straightforward solutions. ‘[ 17 ]A The state of affairs becomes even worse because of the fact that we are non cognizant of all possible jeopardies which these nanomaterials are capable of doing and therefore no ‘appropriate hazard direction government ‘[ 18 ]can be established. ‘The hard inquiries are non about theA legitimacyA of modulating on the footing of safety, but about theA acceptabilityA and theA certaintyA of the hazard. Safety concerns about nanomaterials by and large include inquiries about the ability of substances at the nanoscale to get the better of some of the organic structure ‘s natural defense mechanisms, such as tegument, lungs, or the brain/blood barrier, and their possible to prevail in the environment. ‘[ 19 ]‘More specific safety concerns include most notoriously the impacts of nanosilver ‘s powerful antimicrobic consequence on ecosystems, and the possible asbestos-like effects of certain signifiers of C nanotube in the lung. ‘[ 20 ]A But there is still an on-going argument on jeopardies versus the benefits that this engineering brings with it. Although the Royal Commission on the Environmental Pollution ( RCEP ) is of the position that ‘the bing ordinances have the capacity to cover with the apprehended hazard associated with the nonomaterial, the job is that they do non adequately do so. ‘[ 21 ]Today nanotechnology is deriving a batch of attending and therefore it is really of import to pay attending to its social dimensions. Even though nanotechnology have found their manner into the bing ordinances it is still of import to ‘modify some ordinances within bing models to reflect the jeopardy presented by free nanoparticles and nanotubes. It has been recommended by the RS/RAEng that all relevant regulative organic structures review the capacity of bing ordinances to protect worlds and the environment from possible jeopardies associated with the usage of nanomaterials. ‘[ 22 ] Although it is felt by many that to a big extent the bing ordinances are adequate in integrated nanomaterials and the jeopardies caused by them but still there are some loopholes in the system. The averment that the current existing ordinances are adequate to integrate nanomaterials may be due to the fact that we are still incognizant of the possible dangers and menaces caused by these stuffs. This raises the inquiry that whether these ordinances are capable of accomplishing a nice degree of safety? Harmonizing to the RCEP study ‘nanotechnologies are covered by a complex set of bing regulative governments in the Fieldss of consumer, public wellness and environmental protection. ‘[ 23 ]However despite these regulative governments they still sometimes fail to account for 100 % safety. For this ground the RCEP came up with the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances or REACH. This has brought with it a immense alteration in the methodological analysis of covering with chemical substances. REACH does non incorporate anything specific refering nanotechnology ; it applies to new and existing chemicals and their usage, import and industry. Under this statute law it is mandatory for everyone covering with chemicals ; the makers, importers and other users to vouch that the chemicals used or manufactured does non negatively concern human wellness or the environment. It makes enrollment a compulsory demand for those covering with chemicals. This helps in obtaining relevant information about the chemicals being dealt with by the makers or the importers, giving the European Chemicals Agency an chance to measure and look into chemicals. This manner the activities that are harmful for the human wellness and environment can be singled out and can be restricted. REACH helps in advancing informed, transparent and unfastened decision-making, and provides a advanced and flexible regulative model. However, its relevancy and application to nanomaterials is limited. While REACH is puting its accent on the metric tons of chemicals being released, we fail to gain the injury caused by them at nano degree, such as ‘concerns associating to the inspiration of C nanotubes are non related, as such, to the measure of their production. Nanomaterials are evidently less likely to run into a tunnage threshold because, for any substance, there will be many more nanoparticles to the metric ton than larger atoms. ‘[ 24 ] Although one might reason that these ordinances can be applied to all harmful substances irrespective of their size or signifier but it is besides true that for such ordinances to go applicable the injury should be apparent on a really big graduated table to present possible menace to human life and the environment. It is merely so that the usage of those peculiar categories of nanomaterials will be classified as unacceptable and banned by the competent governments, which is practically about impossible.Professionals AND CONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGYScience and engineering are clearly societal existences by the fact that they belong to the same society. However, persons of the society have absolute right of oppugning on the benefits or negative impacts a peculiar innovation or development engineering could hold on society. Therefore, possible developments like nanotechnology or any new engineering that comes on the market are evidently susceptible to such appraisal. There are many illustrat ions of engineerings with good repute beginning subsequently on nem con being rejected, and frailty versa. It is in the current epoch the mass media can be constructed to be the Judgess of possible injuries or benefits of new engineerings. The chief job frequently viewed on the topic of unfavorable judgment is to acquire the public create their ain thought to happen the balance between the pros and cons[ 25 ]. This has happened historically with applications in the field of energy atomic, with the usage of assorted types of radiation, and more late with development of genetically modified beings, cloning and technology, merely to call a few.ProfessionalsThe possible application countries in which scientists say nanotechnology will impact positively are: Storage, production and energy transition, Increase in agricultural productiveness and pest sensing, Wastewater intervention and air pollution solutions, Diagnosis, monitoring and remedy of diseases systems drug disposal, Processing of nutrient and other consumer goods, New stuffs for assorted industries ( fabrics, automotive, building, picture, athleticss ) , General development of nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and bioelectronics and much more.ConEric Drexler in his book â€Å" The Rise of the machines to make † was the first to convey to the cognition of the general populace an overview of this new molecular engineering[ 26 ]. That describes non merely the tremendous capacity and possible nanotechnology, but besides the impact it may hold on the Fieldss medical, environmental and economic, every bit good as the hazards and frights associated[ 27 ]. However, many surveies are still seeking to find the impact of the nutrient produced from these GMOs in the wellness of consumers or environment in the short and long term. These ruinous visions about the possible negative deductions of developments in nanotechnology have non stopped the immense investings economic assistance for research in nanoscience and nanotechnology by big transnational companies in all industries and public in developed states. Unfortunately, it besides spends big sums of money to analyze the possible applications of Military nanotechnology. With horror we hear about arms biological / chemical computerized sufficiently intelligent devices little to avoid sensing, â€Å" smart † arms to kill merely soldier enemies and non guiltless people, etc. As we have seen, nanotechnology has a character genuinely multidisciplinary, with many possible application Fieldss for their development ( wellness, communications, ecology, nutrient, military, etcaˆÂ ¦ ) . So if we assess their impact on human activities as diverse, it is non we can non generalise and utilize the good-bad duality for making[ 28 ]. We realize that all the possi ble utilizations and hazards unwanted potency of nanotechnology are straight related. It is obvious that big corporations seeking to retrieve their investing and multiply in the shortest clip possible regardless of possible negative effects the engineering may hold on consumer and worker wellness or the environment[ 29 ]. The fact is that consumer ends up being a surety of large companies. For the state of affairs seems more awful and a grade of cynicism, so does with military applications in which the side that develops engineering will last no peculiar usage to their advantage to rule his opposition. However, due to the rapid development of scientific and chair a small the great duty of scientists to society, we can state that sometimes they are unable to spot in the short term possible negative impacts or that could hold applications in the hereafter their surveies, particularly when it comes to basic scientific discipline research or cardinal. The job with nanomaterials is that their dimensions are similar to some biological molecules and so they are really much capable of interacting with the biological molecules. These nanomaterials can travel within the organic structure of populating beings including worlds and can traverse cell membranes and reach the blood and variety meats like liver and bosom of the life organic structure. The indissoluble nanoparticles pose a greater menace to the human organic structure as they can lodge with within the organic structure for a longer clip. The nanoparticles which are inhaled by the human organic structure have the inclination of attaching itself to the lungs and thereby travel to assorted other variety meats and even damage the fetus in instance of pregnant adult females. These inhaled nanomateirals might take a toxic signifier within the human organic structure and cause lung redness and other jobs. Although the nanoparticles are used in drungs to move as a drug bearer and present more drugs to the mark cells but sometimes it becomes really difficult to separate the toxic atoms from the remainder, illustration the nanoparticles have the potency to traverse the blood encephalon barrier and present the drugs straight to the encephalon. However in stead of the limited information available about the sick effects of these nanoparticles it is rather possible for them to be toxic to the encephalon. The information on the side effects is scarce, it is expected to be much worse than what is known besides the effects are dependent on a scope of factors like age, unsusceptibility, presence of other pollutants, wellness jobs etc. Apart from the above discussed sick effects its sad to describe that there are about no publications on the sick effects of nanoparticles on animate beings and workss in the environment. Owing to the nature and inclination of the nanoparticles to attach with the cells and cross cellular membranes it can non be denied that they cause some serious harm to the works and carnal life along with human life. ‘Persistent indissoluble nanoparticles may do jobs in the environment that are much greater than those revealed by human wellness appraisals. ‘[ 30 ]CONCLUSION- ARE THE METHODOLOGIES AVAILABLE TO ASSESS THE HAZARDS ADEQUATE?With respect to this inquiry the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks ( SCENIHR ) is of the sentiment that although the bing methods seem appropriate but they are decidedly non adequate to turn to all sorts of environmental menaces. ‘More specifically, the manner of bringing of the nanoparticle to the trial system shoul d adequately reflect the exposure scenarios. Extra trials may be needed. Besides showing the dosage of exposure in footings of mass alone is non sufficient ; it besides needs to be expressed in footings of entire surface country, figure of atoms, or a combination of the two. The bing methods used for environmental exposure appraisal are non needfully allow. Therefore, the current hazard appraisal processs require alteration for nanoparticles. ‘[ 31 ] Besides harmonizing to SCENIHR despite the fact that there is an increasing focal point on the nanotechnology there is still ‘insufficient cognition and informations refering nanoparticle word picture, their sensing and measuring, the destiny ( and particularly the continuity ) of nanoparticles in worlds and in the environment, and all facets of toxicology and environmental toxicology related to nanoparticles, to let for satisfactory hazard appraisals for worlds and ecosystems to be performed. ‘[ 32 ] The SCENIHR commission was of the position that there are certain positions that need to be filled for an improved hazard appraisal for the merchandises and these include the word picture of mechanics, dynamicss, production and preparation of the nanotechnology and nanoparticles. Besides data on the toxicokinetic informations to place the mark variety meats and to determine the effects of the nano sized atoms on them. Harmonizing to the commission it is besides of import to hold full information of the occupational exposure and other possible wellness jeopardies on the workers who are involved in managing these nanosized atoms.