Limit Pricing and Oligopolies

mold pricing is the type of pricing wherein fasts caution entrants to the food market by choosing a low footing that is beneath short-run profit maximizing toll precisely above the belligerent level. Firms who engage in spring pricing ar forfeiting current profits to earn future profits. The output is being maintained notwithstanding the presence of entrants. However, there ar still issues whether the application of particularise pricing fabrics is profitable for trustworthys (2002).A firm engages in limit pricing by choosing its price and output while an entrant cannot sufficiently indemnify the average total cost of the remaining market demand. An launch firm that is threatened by an immersion in a single-period could use limit price as the highest price. This leave block the submission. As origin explained by Modigliani in 1958, it was assumed that entrants would expect that incumbent firm will continue product at an entry-limiting output with an entry prese nt. It is the same as the Cournot Competition wherein firms believe that its competitors will continue production at the current levels (McAuliffe, 1997).On the other hand, classic limit pricing is another pricing policy where limit pricing allows established firms to earn economic profits while they are preventing the occurrence of entry. It happens if there are economies of sale in production even if the entrants and the incumbent firms have the same costs (McAuliffe, 1997).Another model is explained by Gaskin in 1971, called the dynamic limit pricing. It happens if there are threats from potential competition to a firm for current and future periods. The firms would now depend the rate of entry from the difference between the current price and their marginal costs. If a firm would want to earn high profits at current period, it will curing a high price.However, the number of entry will also increase while the price and profit are presumable to decrease in the future. On the othe r hand, if an established firm distinct for a lower price, both the entry and the profits will decrease. Moreover, if the firms do not have whatever cost over the entrants, it will lose its position past the market will be competitive. The competitive outcome of the market however is not astonishing at all since only the price is utilise by the firm (McAuliffe, 1997).both in the classic and dynamic limit pricing, the market power of the established firms are dependant due to the potential competition. In the end, they have no choice but to set the price under monopoly level. However, the expectation from an entrant that a firm would always maintain its output is not always true.After the entry period, both firms would earn high profits through high prices and restricted output. An established firm therefore with maintained output after the existence of an entry is not always a threat for an entrant. Otherwise, the established firm should bind for the current period in order to grant high profits with high output for the next periods (McAuliffe, 1997).Successful limit pricing could affect the market structure however few firms do set prices equal to or below the monopoly level to discourage entry. Major American companies use different strategies such as advertising and product proliferation to discourage entry (McAuliffe, 1997).Competition is important in the American economy system but what if there is only a small number of competing companies? This condition falls under the oligopoly market. Unlike the monopoly where there is only one marketer and many buyers, in oligopoly there is more than one seller (Schenk). In oligopoly, there may be homogenous or heterogeneous products however entry is deterred by legal restrictions such as banking, borderline efficient scale such as overnight mail service , or strategic appearance (2008).Oligopoly has different models such as the Cournot-Nash Equilibrium of Duopoly and the Collusive Oligopoly. Cournot focu sed only on duopoly where there are only two firms competing assuming that both sell the same products produced at zero marginal cost. Both firm engage in output that is profit-maximizing expecting that the output of the other firms is maintained or held unbroken (Lipsey and Crystal, 2007). Under Cournot-Nash residuum, duopolists are competing for the quantities where each produces less than a monopoly. However, the sum of the production of both duopolists is more than the monopoly but their economic profits are less than the monopoly.The price is always less than monopoly level but not more than the competitive price (2008). Under Cournot equilibrium, firms would earn less than a monopoly because the duopolists outputs are more then the monopoly output. They would earn however more than the perfectly competitive firms since they could decrease the price upon increasing output (Lipsey and Crystal, 2007). apiece competing firm is expected to adjust their outputs. However, if they cannot make any more adjustments then equilibrium is reached (Hobbs, 2001).Unlike Cournot-Nash equilibrium with doupolists as competing firms, in collusive oligopoly the firms cooperate in order to have a monopoly power. They may agree in setting price and dividing the output therefore gaining the quantity a monopoly produces and earning the economic profits a monopoly can. The firms are now earning more than doupoly profits (2008). There are many factors for collusion such as the number of sellers, personalities, equality of shares, costs of each firm, and others. There is a possibly that a collusion cogency disintegrate especially if the firm begin competing and cheating with the other firms (Schenk).Monopolies in the U.S. are most likely to be regulated by the government unlike the oligopolies. Price-fixing by the collusive oligopolies however is not allowed unless for boorish cooperatives and professional sports league (2006). Collusion oligopolies, just like the doupoly, coul d turn into competition as well. Firms begin violating the production limits and producing more than they have to. Besides, the price tends to be lower. In the end, the collusion becomes unsuccessful.BibliographyOECD 2002, Limit Pricing, viewed 6 May 2007, .NC claim University 2006, Collusive Oligopolies, viewed 6 May 2008, .2008 Oligopoly, viewed 6 May 2008, .Hobb, B.K. 2001, Cournot Equilibrium, viewed 6 may 2008, .Lipsey, R. G. & Crystal, A. 2007, Doupoly. Oxford University Press, viewed 6 May 2008, .McAuliffe, R. E. 1997, encyclopaedic Dcitionary of Managerial Economics, Blackwell Punlishing, viewed 6 May 2008, .Schenk, R. The Theory of Few Sellers, viewed 6 May 2008,.